Verbs or Adjectives: present participle, continuous, activity, result of an activity
billowing, Brandishing, walking, thinking, appalling
Building
Tampilkan postingan dengan label Mata Kuliah Vocabulary. Tampilkan semua postingan
Words ending Ment
next 200)
Words Ending in-sion-tion-cion
Words ending in -sion, -tion, and -cion
These endings are part of many everyday English nouns, but people
often have problems with their spelling. Here are some guidelines to
help you choose the right one:
Words ending in -sion
Help with spelling > Endings and beginnings > Words ending in -sion, -tion, and -cion
Help with spelling > Endings and beginnings > Words ending in -sion, -tion, and -cion
-
If the ending is pronounced as in confusion, then it should be spelled -sion. Here are some examples:
collision
division
fusion
revision
confusion
erosion
incision
seclusion
decision
explosion
persuasion
vision
- When the ending comes after an -l, it's always spelled -sion:
compulsion
emulsion
impulsion
repulsion
convulsion
expulsion
propulsion
revulsion
- When the ending follows an -n or -r, it's often spelled -sion, especially if the word is related to one that ends in -d or -se. For example: immersion (from immerse) and comprehension (from comprehend). Here are some more examples:
apprehension
conversion
extension
pretension
aversion
diversion
perversion
version
- Nouns based on words that end in -ss or -mit always end in -sion. For example: permission (from permit) and discussion (from discuss). Here are some more examples:
admission
depression
impression
submission
aggression
emission
intermission
succession
commission
expression
obsession
transmission
Words ending in -tion
- If the ending is pronounced as in station, then it's spelled -tion. For example:
addition
duration
nation
solution
ambition
edition
notion
station
caution
emotion
position
vocation
- If the noun is related to a word ending in -ate, then the ending will be -ation. For example: donation (from donate) or vacation (from vacate). Here are some more examples:
abbreviation
creation
location
rotation
accommodation
education
mediation
veneration
- If the ending comes after any consonant apart from -l, -n, or -r, then the ending is spelled -tion:
action
connection
infection
reception
affection
deception
interruption
satisfaction
attraction
description
obstruction
suggestion
collection
exception
perception
transaction
- After -n and -r, the ending can be -tion or -sion. It's more likely to be -tion if the word's related to another one that ends in -t or -tain. For example: assertion (from assert) or retention (from retain). Here are some more examples:
abortion
desertion
distortion
extortion
abstention
detention
exertion
invention
Words ending in -cion
There are just two common nouns that end in -cion: suspicion and coercion.Inflexional Suffix
Noun: person or thing that does something, a native or inhabitant of, a person engaged in a profession, occupation. verb: action, condition, activity
player, teacher; foreigner, villager; cooler, softer; flicker, Proprietor, Tailor, Tailor, Sponsor, Spectator, glimmer; professor, contributor
Nouns: person who...It indicates persons who produce, handle, or are associated with the referent of the base word; adjective: used when comparing two things
pioneer, gazetteer, auctioneer; furrier, Sympathizer
Adjective or Adverb: superlative degree, used when comparing more than two things
warmest, shortest, fastest, luckiest, prettiest
Noun or Adverb: forming plural
Chrysalides, walks, always; boxes; mummies
Verb: past tense. Adjective: having the quality or characteristics of
crossed; blooded
Negative, not (contraction)
shouldn't, couldn't
Verb: to cause to become. Adjective: material
fasten, lengthen
Derivational Suffix
Derivational Suffix List
I. Suffix list
With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning. There are several hundred derivational suffixes. The following table lists the all derivational suffixes (most common) for Lexical Tools:
| Suffix | Category | Senses | Examples | Lexical Tools Rules |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| able$ | adj | capable, able to, can do |
|
|
| ably$ | adv |
|
| |
| ad$ | noun | group | triad, monad | |
| ade$ | noun | lemonade, accolade, blockade | ||
| age$ | noun | forming a noun |
|
|
| agogy$ | noun | leading | pedagogy, demagogy | |
| al$ (see -ality) | adj | aspect of, pertaining to |
|
|
| al$ | noun | abstract noun | arrive|arrival, refuse|refusal, appraise|appraisal | |
| ality$ | noun | property (aspect, behaviour, condition) of | proportionality, sexuality (see -al and -ity) | |
| an$ | adj |
|
| |
| an$ | noun |
|
| |
| ance$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of (see ence$) |
|
|
| ancy$ | noun | pregnancy, redundancy, vacancy | ||
| ant$ | adj | pertaining to, VERB + ing (see ent$) |
|
|
| ant$ | noun | one who, that which (see ent$) |
|
|
| ar$ | adj |
|
| |
| ar$ | noun | beggar, liar | ||
| ard$ | noun | drunkard, coward, wizard, steward | ||
| ary$ | adj | pertaining to, verb + ing (see ory$) |
|
|
| ary$ | noun | a place where (see ory$) | diction|dictionary, seminar|seminary | |
| arch$ | noun | ruler, leader | monarch, tetrarch | |
| archy$ | noun | rule, leadership | gynarchy, anarchy | |
| arium$ | noun | a place where | aquarium | |
| asia$ | noun | fantasia|fantastic |
| |
| ate$ | adj | pertaining to, VERB + ing |
|
|
| ate$ | noun | one who, that which | certify|certificate, advocate|advocate | |
| ate$ | verb | to VERB, to cause to, to make | libera|liberate, hyphen|hyphenate, concentration|concentrate, oscille|oscillate | |
| athlon$ | noun | sporting event | pentathlon, decathlon | |
| ation$ | noun | state or concept of |
|
|
| ation$ | noun | from verb with -ate, state or concept of |
|
|
| ative$ | noun |
|
| |
| ative$ | adj | talkative, lucrative, affirmative | ||
| atory$ | noun | laboratory, conversatory | ||
| bound$ | adv | heading in the direction of | inbound, outbound, citybound | |
| cele$, coele$, coel$ | noun | body cavity | mucocoel or mucocoele | |
| cele$ | noun | tumor, hernia | hydatidocele | |
| centesis$ | noun | puncturing | amniocentesis, rachicentesis | |
| cephalic$ | adj | relating to the head | anencephaly, macrocephaly | |
| chondrion$ | noun | small grainlike structure | mitochondrion | |
| cide$ | noun | murder, killing agent | suicide, vespacide, regicide, fratricide | |
| city$ | noun | practice | atrocity | |
| cy$ | noun | expressing the quality of an adjective | diplomacy, literacy, idiocy | |
| cycle$ | noun | circle, cycle, unit of radio frequency | epicycle, hydrocycle | |
| dom$ | noun | state or condition of | freedom, boredom, kingdom | |
| ectasia$, ectasis$ | noun | stretching out | brochiectasis, telangiectasia | |
| ectomy$ | noun | surgical removal | laryngectomy, vasectomy | |
| ed$ | adj |
|
| |
| ee$ | noun | changes verb to a noun (the object of that verb) | employee, referee, payee | |
| eer$ | adj | engineer, overseer | ||
| eme$ | noun | linguistic unit | lexeme, phoneme, morpheme | |
| emia$ | noun | blood condition | leukemia, anaemia | |
| en$ | adj | golden, wooden, written, frozen | ||
| en$ | verb | lessen, deafen, frighten | ||
| enchyma$ | noun | cellular tissue | mesenchyma, karyenchyma | |
| ence$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of (see ance$) |
|
|
| ency$ | noun |
|
| |
| ent$ | adj | pertaining to, VERB + ing (see ant$) | differ|different, excellence|excellent, independency|independent, fluency|fluent | |
| ent$ | noun | one who, that which (see ant$) | residence|resident, regency|regent, superintend|superintendent | |
| eous$ | adj | courteous | ||
| er$ | noun | one who (see or$) |
|
|
| ergy$ | noun | work | energy, synergy | |
| ern$ | adj | direction | western, northern | |
| ery$ | noun |
|
| |
| esce$ | verb | to become, to change | convalescent|convalesce | |
| ese$ | adj, noun | nationality, language | Chinese, Lebanese, Portuguese | |
| esque$ | adj | in the style of | Pythonesque, Romanesque, picturesque | |
| ess$ | noun | female | god|goddess, actor|actress, waiter|waitress, steward|stewardess, priest|priestess | |
| esthesis$, esthesia$ | noun | sensation, feeling | synesthesia, kinesthesis | |
| etic$ | adj |
|
| |
| ette$ | noun | small ~ | diskette, statuette, usherette | |
| fare$ | noun | how things are going / coming along | welfare, fanfare, warfare | |
| ful$ | adj | full of, having some or much | hand|handful, sorrow|sorrowful, forget|forgetful, hope|hopeful, use|useful, help|helpful | |
| gate$ | noun | a scandal, often political (back-formed from the Watergate scandal) | Watergate, nipplegate | |
| gnosis$ | noun | knowing | prognosis, diagnosis | |
| gon$ | noun | angle | polygon, pentagon | |
| graph$ | noun |
|
| |
| gram$ | noun |
|
| |
| gry$ | noun | adjective form of only 2 or 3 nouns in the English language | angry, hungry | |
| hedron$ | noun | seat, face | icosahedron, tetrahedron | |
| holic$ | adj | love, addiction | alcoholic, workaholic | |
| hood$ | noun | state/condition of, a group sharing characteristics | child|childhood, neighbor|neighborhood, brother|brotherhood, adult|adulthood, false|falsehood | |
| ia$ | noun | abnormal state, a medical condition |
|
|
| iable$ | adj | sociable | ||
| ial$ | adj |
|
| |
| ian$ | adj | From, related to, or like | mammal|mammalian | |
| ian$ | adj, noun | from, related to, or like |
|
|
| ian$ | noun | one from, belonging to, relating to, or like | politics|politician, library|librarian, physic|physician, music|musician | |
| iant$ | adj |
|
| |
| iary$ | adj | tertiary | ||
| iasis$ | noun |
|
| |
| iate$ | verb | asphyxiate, deviate | ||
| ible$ | adj | capable, can do (same as -able) | incredible, terrible, visible | |
| ibly$ | adv | incredibly, responsibly, terribly | ||
| ic$ | noun | a thing |
| |
| ic$ | adj | pertaining to |
|
|
| ical$ | adj |
|
| |
| ics$ | noun | the study of | Physics,Aerodynamics,Forensics, economics | |
| id$ | adj | (categorical) property (aspect) of | hominid, tepid, candid, fervid (compare -al) | |
| iency$ | noun | expedieny | ||
| ient$ | adj |
|
| |
| ier$ | noun | cashier, financier, gondolier | ||
| ify$, fy$ | verb | to become, make | argu|argufy, clear|clarify, ispec|specify, base|basify, vile|vilify | |
| ile$ | adj | being | senility|senile, tactility|tactile, facility|facile, volatility|volatile | |
| illion$ | noun | large numbers | million, billion | |
| ious$ | adj |
|
| |
| ing$ | noun | noun from verb, in the process of | doing, acting | |
| ing$ | noun | bedding, stuffing, roofing | ||
| ion$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of | act|action, companion | |
| ish$ | adj | adjective from noun; similar, sort of; approximately | girl|girlish, clear|clearish|foolish, slef|selfish, green|greenish, tall|tallish, fifty|fiftyish, ten|tennish | |
| ish$ | adj, noun | nationality, language | Spanish, Turkish, English | |
| ism$ | noun | doctrine, act, believe, practice, condition |
|
|
| ist$ | noun | person, one who, |
|
|
| ista$ | adept | fashionista | ||
| ite$ | noun | member of a group | socialite, Carmelite | |
| ite$ | adj | pertaining to | finity|finite | |
| itis$ | noun | disease, inflammation | bronchitic|bronchitis, hepatitic|hepatitis, gingivitis | |
| itive$ | adj | sensitive | ||
| itude$ | noun | attitude, gratitude, Beatitude | ||
| ity$ | noun | expressing state or condition, name of a quality |
|
|
| ium$ | noun | metallic element (exception: helium) | sodium, Calcium | |
| ive$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of |
|
|
| ive$ | adj | make the noun an adjective | cursiveness|cursive, defense|defensive, aggression|aggressive, passivity|passive | |
| ization$, isation$ | noun |
|
| |
| ize$, ise$ | verb | to cause, to be, to become, to make |
|
|
| izzle$ | used for hip hop slang | Americizzle | ||
| kinesis$ | noun | movement (ability thereof) | telekinesis | |
| less$ | adj | lack of | seed|seedless, home|homeless, use|useless, care|careless, clue|clueless | |
| let$ | noun | diminutive, or denoting a relation to some part of the body | ringlet, hamlet, anklet | |
| like$ | adj | having the qualities of | childlike | |
| ling$ | noun | smaller, younger, cuter or weaker version of the noun root OR sharing an identity or quality of the noun root (e.g. as a follower) | darling, duckling, earthling, sapling | |
| ly$ | adj | -like, having the attributes of | brother|brotherly, state|stately, month|monthly | |
| ly$ | adv | -like, having the attributes of |
|
|
| man$ | noun | person | fireman, statesman | |
| mancy$ | noun | divination by | crystallomancy, bibliomancy, necromancy | |
| mania$ | noun | an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action | kleptomania, megalomania, mythomania | |
| ment$ | noun | a substance, abstract noun |
|
|
| meter$ | noun | measuring device |
|
|
| metry$ | noun | measure | symmetry, geometry, isometry | |
| mony$ | noun | testimony, ceremony | ||
| morphism$ | noun | form | isomorphism, homomorphism | |
| most$ | adj | utmost, innermost | ||
| ness$ | noun | abstract noun |
|
|
| nik$ | noun | Slavic origin; corresponds to "-er" | otkaznik, beatnik | |
| ocracy$ | noun | system of government | kakistocracy, democracy, androcracy | |
| ogram$ | noun | writing, description | ideogram | |
| ography$ | noun | study of | stenography, geography, photography | |
| oid$ | adj | resembling | android, solenoid, hominoid | |
| oid$ | noun | resembling | planetoid | |
| ologist$ | noun | one who studies a scientific subject | archaeologist | |
| ology$ | study, science | biology, psychology, planetology | ||
| oma$ | noun | a tumor, a growth | fiber|fibroma | |
| ome$ | noun | subject of an "-omics" | genome | |
| omics$ | noun | study of rules | proteomics, economics | |
| onomy$ | noun | knowledge of | astronomy | |
| onym$ | noun | name, word | antonym, consonym, heteronym | |
| opsy$ | noun | examination | autopsy, biopsy | |
| or$ | noun | one who, person (see er$) |
|
|
| or$, -our$ | noun | candor, fervour, color | ||
| ory$ | adj | pertaining to, verb + ing (see ary$) | auditor|auditory, sensor|sensory | |
| ory$ | noun | a place where | dormitory, historic|history, repositor|repository | |
| ose$ | adj | full of, like, given to; carbohydrates, protein derivatives | verbose; globose | |
| osis$ | noun | process, action, formation, diseased condition |
|
|
| ous$ | adj | VERB + ing |
|
|
| phagy$, phagia$ | noun | eating | monophagy | |
| philia$ | noun | attraction | hemophilia | |
| phobia$ | noun | fear | acrophobia, mysophobia | |
| phone$ | noun, adj | sound, audio; speaker of a language | telephone, homophone; Anglophone | |
| physeal$ | adj |
|
| |
| phyte$ | noun | plant, used in botany to create terms which categorise plants based on their life-history, growth-form or ecological preferences | therophyte, halophyte | |
| polis$ | noun | referring to city or big area | Metropolis, Indianapolis | |
| s$ | noun | a thing, a substance | patho|pathos | |
| science$ | noun | knowing | omniscience, prescience, conscience | |
| scope$ | noun | from Greek skopos, view; instrument for viewing and observing spaces | microscope, telescope, kaleidoscope, periscope | |
| script$ | noun | written | manuscript, transcript | |
| ship$ | noun | abstract noun, state of being | friendship, relationship, dictatorship | |
| sion$ | noun | noun that has been altered from a process |
|
|
| sis$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of |
|
|
| some$ | adj | tiresome, awesome, fulsome | ||
| stan$ | noun | land, country | Afghanistan | |
| ster$ | noun | person | youngster, gangster | |
| t$ | adj | burnt, spoilt | ||
| th$, eth$ | adj | ordinal number | tenth, millionth, twentieth | |
| th$ | noun | forming a noun | growth, health, depth, strength | |
| tion$ | noun | noun that has been altered from a process | evaporation, introduction | |
| tom$, tome$ | noun | part or segment | dermatome | |
| tropism$ | noun | to turn | phototropism | |
| ty$ | noun | certainty, loyalty | ||
| uary$ | noun | sanctuary, mortuary | ||
| ular$ | adj |
|
| |
| ulent$ | adj | turbulent, fraudulent | ||
| um$ | noun | a thing, a substance | album | |
| uous$ | adj | tempestuous, unctuous, sensuous | ||
| ure$ | noun | a thing, a substance, one that is related t | fail|failure, expose|exposure, natural|nature, temperature | |
| us$ | noun | inflammation | ulcus | |
| ville$ | noun | city, town from French | Nashville | |
| vore$, vorous$ | noun, adj | to devour | carnivore, herbivore | |
| ward$, wards$ | adj, adv | direction | southward, inward, upward | |
| ware$ | noun | software | hardware, software, freeware | |
| ways$ | adj | sideways, longways | ||
| wise$ | adj | direction | clockwise, lengthwise | |
| wright$ | noun | person who makes | playwright, wheelwright, shipwright | |
| y$ | adj | having the quality of, inclined to |
|
|
| y$ | noun | an act of, a state of, the result of |
|
|
| y$ | verb |
|
|
Vacabulary 1
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (kegiatan sehari-hari di rumah)
What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?
(Apa kegiatan sehari-hari yang sering anda lakukan di rumah?)
I wake up at 7am every morning. I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get up. I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a shower before I get dressed. My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair.
It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on. After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner. The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.
After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I watch television. On television I usually watch the News. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the rubbish out, or wash the dishes. Our children feed the dog and the cat before they go to bed and I tell them to go to the bathroom too. If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the alarm so I wake up in the morning. The last things I do is lock the door, turn off the lights, and go to bed.
Vocabulary :
Wake up : bangun tidur
Press the snooze botton: tekan tombol snooze (tidur sebentar)
Turn off the alarm : mematikan alarm
Get up : bangun (dari tempat tidur)
Have a cup of coffee : menikmati kopi
Make breakfast : membuat sarapan pagi
Read the newspaper : membaca koran
Have breakfast : sarapan pagi
Have a shower : mandi
Get dressed : berpakaian
Brush one's hair : keramas
Comb one's hair : menyisir rambut
Brush one's teeth : menggosok gigi
Put make-up on : berias, dandan
Go home : pulang
Cook dinner : memasak makan malam
Make dinner : makan malam
Do one's homework : mengerjakan PR
Watch Television : menonton TV
Watch the News : nonton berita
Take the rubbish out : membuang sampah
Wash the dishes : mencuci piring (kotor)
Feed the dog and cat : memberi makan anjing dan kucing
Go to bed : (Siap-siap) tidur
Go to the bathroom : Pergi ke kamar mandi
Take one's medication : Minum obat
Get into one's pyjamas : memakai baju tidur
Set the alarm : mengatur waktu alarm
Lock the door : mengunci pintu
Turn off the lights : mematikan lampu
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (Kegiatan Sehari-hari di Tempat Kerja)
What are some daily activities that you do at work?
I go to work at 8.45am every morning. I usually drive to work. I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them immediately. I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too slow. When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea. At 1pm most days I have lunch. At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.
When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you to file your papers, and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files. When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my secretary to organise a meeting. Once a month I report to my boss, but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I usually write a document that my boss can read.
Vocabulary
go to work : pergi bekerja
drive to work : mengendarai (mobil) ke tempat kerja
check one's email : memeriksa email (surat elektronik)
reply : menjawab
take a taxi : naik taksi
take a train : naik kereta api
lunch meeting : pertemuan di siang hari
take the bus : naik bis
work on the computer : "komputeran"
morning tea : waktu istirahat pagi (untuk sekedar minum kopi.)
have lunch : makan siang
afternoon tea : waktu istirahat sore
file one's paper : menyimpan arsip
organize one's files : menata arsip-arsip
make telephone calls : menelepon
organize a meeting : mengatur pertemuan
report to one's boss : melaporkan pada pimpinan
write a document : menulis dokumen
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (Kegiatan Sehari-hari Lainnya)
What are some other daily activities that you do?
I exercise at least three times a week. I usually go to the gym before work, but sometimes I go after work.
I meditate every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.
Vocabulary
Exercise : berolah raga
Meditate : meditasi
Contoh Teks Weekly Activities (Aktifitas / Kegiatan Mingguan)
What are some weekly activities that you do?
I go grocery shopping once a week at the local supermarket. My family does the housework together every Saturday morning. I usually do the washing on Sunday morning and when the machine is finished I hang the clothes out to dry.
On Sunday morning we go to church, and if there is lots of noise coming from next door, sometimes we fight with the neighbour.
On Saturday night my parents stay at home and I go out with friends.
Even my friends that live at home call their parents each week.
Every evening, I water the garden.
I usually pay someone to wash the car, but my partner says I should do it, so sometimes I argue with my partner about that.
If we are angry at the neighbour, we seek vengeance by annoying his dogs.
I work in an important office, so I have to shine my shoes each day.
Sometimes we hire a movie, because we don't like to illegally download music and films. I make sure that I synchronise my iPod so I always have new music on it.
To get our shopping, we go to the mall in the car.
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (kegiatan sehari-hari di rumah)
What are some of the daily activities that you do at home?
(Apa kegiatan sehari-hari yang sering anda lakukan di rumah?)
I wake up at 7am every morning. I press the snooze button five times every morning before I turn off the alarm and get up. I have a cup of coffee and make breakfast. I usually read the newspaper while I have breakfast. My children like to have a shower after they have breakfast but I like to have a shower before I get dressed. My wife brushes her long hair, and I have short hair so I comb my hair.
It is important to brush your teeth, and some women like to put make-up on. After I have finished work, I go home to cook dinner. In my house I usually make dinner. The family eat dinner together at 7:30pm.
After dinner I make sure that my children do their homework, and then I watch television. On television I usually watch the News. My wife usually comes to tell me to take the rubbish out, or wash the dishes. Our children feed the dog and the cat before they go to bed and I tell them to go to the bathroom too. If I am sick I have to take my medication, but then I get into my pyjamas and set the alarm so I wake up in the morning. The last things I do is lock the door, turn off the lights, and go to bed.
Vocabulary :
Wake up : bangun tidur
Press the snooze botton: tekan tombol snooze (tidur sebentar)
Turn off the alarm : mematikan alarm
Get up : bangun (dari tempat tidur)
Have a cup of coffee : menikmati kopi
Make breakfast : membuat sarapan pagi
Read the newspaper : membaca koran
Have breakfast : sarapan pagi
Have a shower : mandi
Get dressed : berpakaian
Brush one's hair : keramas
Comb one's hair : menyisir rambut
Brush one's teeth : menggosok gigi
Put make-up on : berias, dandan
Go home : pulang
Cook dinner : memasak makan malam
Make dinner : makan malam
Do one's homework : mengerjakan PR
Watch Television : menonton TV
Watch the News : nonton berita
Take the rubbish out : membuang sampah
Wash the dishes : mencuci piring (kotor)
Feed the dog and cat : memberi makan anjing dan kucing
Go to bed : (Siap-siap) tidur
Go to the bathroom : Pergi ke kamar mandi
Take one's medication : Minum obat
Get into one's pyjamas : memakai baju tidur
Set the alarm : mengatur waktu alarm
Lock the door : mengunci pintu
Turn off the lights : mematikan lampu
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (Kegiatan Sehari-hari di Tempat Kerja)
What are some daily activities that you do at work?
I go to work at 8.45am every morning. I usually drive to work. I always check my emails when I get to work, but I don't always reply to them immediately. I take a taxi or a train if I have a lunch meeting. I never take the bus because it is too slow. When I am at my desk I usually work on the computer, even during morning tea. At 1pm most days I have lunch. At 3pm we have afternoon tea, and that is when we usually talk and eat cake.
When you are in the office you probably have a lot of papers. It is important for you to file your papers, and so that you can find them again you need to organise your files. When I work I have to make telephone calls. If an important issue happens I ask my secretary to organise a meeting. Once a month I report to my boss, but maybe you have to report to your boss more often. I usually write a document that my boss can read.
Vocabulary
go to work : pergi bekerja
drive to work : mengendarai (mobil) ke tempat kerja
check one's email : memeriksa email (surat elektronik)
reply : menjawab
take a taxi : naik taksi
take a train : naik kereta api
lunch meeting : pertemuan di siang hari
take the bus : naik bis
work on the computer : "komputeran"
morning tea : waktu istirahat pagi (untuk sekedar minum kopi.)
have lunch : makan siang
afternoon tea : waktu istirahat sore
file one's paper : menyimpan arsip
organize one's files : menata arsip-arsip
make telephone calls : menelepon
organize a meeting : mengatur pertemuan
report to one's boss : melaporkan pada pimpinan
write a document : menulis dokumen
Contoh Teks Daily Activities (Kegiatan Sehari-hari Lainnya)
What are some other daily activities that you do?
I exercise at least three times a week. I usually go to the gym before work, but sometimes I go after work.
I meditate every morning so that I feel less stressed during the day.
Vocabulary
Exercise : berolah raga
Meditate : meditasi
Contoh Teks Weekly Activities (Aktifitas / Kegiatan Mingguan)
What are some weekly activities that you do?
I go grocery shopping once a week at the local supermarket. My family does the housework together every Saturday morning. I usually do the washing on Sunday morning and when the machine is finished I hang the clothes out to dry.
On Sunday morning we go to church, and if there is lots of noise coming from next door, sometimes we fight with the neighbour.
On Saturday night my parents stay at home and I go out with friends.
Even my friends that live at home call their parents each week.
Every evening, I water the garden.
I usually pay someone to wash the car, but my partner says I should do it, so sometimes I argue with my partner about that.
If we are angry at the neighbour, we seek vengeance by annoying his dogs.
I work in an important office, so I have to shine my shoes each day.
Sometimes we hire a movie, because we don't like to illegally download music and films. I make sure that I synchronise my iPod so I always have new music on it.
To get our shopping, we go to the mall in the car.
Last week I forgot to recharge my travel card, and I had to argue with a bus driver. I couldn't call the office because I forgot to recharge my cellphone!
Vocabulary
Go grocery shopping : pergi belanja (di toko grosir)
Do the housework : melakukan aktifitas rumah
Do the washing :mencuci pakaian
Hang the clothes out : menjemur pakaian
Go to church : pergi ke gereja
Fight with the neighbor : bertengkar dengan tetangga
Stay at home : tetap di rumah
Go out with friends :pergi bersama teman-teman
Call one's parents :menelepon orangtua
Water the garden : menyiram kebun
Wash the car :mencuci mobil
Argue with one's partner :berdebat dengan rekan kerja
Seek vengeance :balas dendam
Shine one's shoes : menyemir sepatu
Hire a movie :menyewa film
Illegally download music and films : mengunduh musik dan film secara ilegal
Synchronize one's iPod :Mensikronisasikan iPod
Go to the mall : pergi ke Mall
Recharge one's travel card : mengisi tiket perjalanan
Argue with a bus driver :berurusan dengan supir bis
Recharge one's cell phone : mengisi pulsa
- See more at: http://www.englishindo.com/2012/01/kumpulan-kosakata-aktifitas-sehari-hari.html#sthash.UR3fNyqP.dpuf
Last week I forgot to recharge my travel card, and I had to argue with a bus driver. I couldn't call the office because I forgot to recharge my cellphone!
Vocabulary
Go grocery shopping : pergi belanja (di toko grosir)
Abstrak:
kemampuan seseorang dalam menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai alat
komunikasi lisan dan tulisan ditentukan dari penguasaan mereka akan
kosakata bahasa Inggris. Ketika dosen dan mahasiswa sebagai sumber daya
manusia di bidang pengajaran bahasa Inggris memiliki tingkat penguasaan
kosakata bahasa Inggris yang rendah, kemampuan mereka dalam menggunakan
bahasa Inggris secara lisan dan tulisan juga mengalami hambatan besar
bahkan tidak mampu berkomunikasi dengan baik. Hal ini akan berdampak
sangat besar terhadap pembelajaran dan pengajaran bahasa Inggris
nantinya di berbagai tingkat pendidikan. Tulisan ini mencoba mengangkat
beberapa teknik yang dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan penguasaan
kosakata bahasa Inggris sehingga tujuan pembelajaran bahasa Inggris
sebagai alat komunikasi lisan dan tulisan dapat tercapai dengan optimal.
Pendahuluan: tantangan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris
Bahasa
Inggris sudah merupakan suatu kebutuhan primer dalam berkomunikasi
dewasa ini. Seluruh aspek kehidupan sosial ekonomi menuntut kita untuk
menggunakan bahasa Inggris untuk dapat berkomunikasi dengan siapa saja.
Tuntutan untuk dapat berbahasa Inggris baik secara aktif maupun secara
aktif telah diantisipasi oleh Negara Indonesia dengan memasukkan bahasa
Inggris sebagai mata pelajaran lokal di TK dan SD, dan menjadi mata
pelajaran wajib di SMP dan SMA. Bahkan beberapa sekolah swasta maupun
sekolah internasional di Indonesia menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai
bahasa pengantar pelajaran di sekolah mereka. Di tingkat perguruan
tinggi, berbagai jurusan telah memasukkan bahasa Inggris ke dalam
kurikulum mereka sebagai mata kuliah wajib yang harus diprogramkan para
mahasiswa, dan jurusan-jurusan pendidikan dan bahasa dibuka untuk
mempersiapkan para sumber daya manusia yang akan berkecimpung di dunia
pengajaran bahasa Inggris. Jumlah mahasiswa yang masuk ke Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris pun meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Sebagai
catatan, jumlah mahasiswa yang mendaftar di program studi pendidikan
Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sintuwu Maroso pada tahun 2007 sebanyak 66
orang, tahun 2008 sebanyak 68 orang, dan pada tahun 2009 sebanyak 88
mahasiswa, belum terhitung mahasiswa pindahan dari universitas lain dan
mahasiswa yamg sudah menjadi guru. Ini menandakan bahwa masyarakat
semakin sadar akan pentingnya berbahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari, dan dalam kehidupan mereka nantinya di dunia kerja.
Faktor penyebab kurangnya penguasaan English vocabulary di kalangan dosen dan mahasiswa sebagai sumber daya manusia di bidang pengajaran bahasa Inggris.
Sebagai
Negara yang berbahasa non-Inggris, Indonesia memiliki tantangan
tersendiri dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris. Salah satunya, keterbatasan
waktu dan tempat untuk menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai alat
komunikasi selain di ruang kelas. Akibatnya, tujuan pembelajaran bahasa
Inggris secara umum yaitu untuk dapat menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai
alat komunikasi baik secara aktif maupun pasif belum bisa tercapai
dengan efektif. Hal ini juga terjadi di lingkungan Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sintuwu Maroso Poso. Para
mahasiswa yang notabene adalah calon dan bahkan guru bahasa Inggris
mengalami kesulitan dalam menggunakan bahasa Inggris dalam kegiatan
pembelajaran bahasa Inggris sehari-hari. Sebagai suatu refleksi, tidak
jarang tenaga dosen bahasa Inggris juga menggunakan bahasa Indonesia
jauh lebih sering daripada menggunakan bahasa Inggris yang adalah target
pembelajaran itu sendiri. Penulis mencermati bahwa fenomena ini terjadi
karena kurangnya pengetahuan mahasiswa akan kosakata bahasa Inggris
yang dapat digunakan di dalam percakapan (Harmer, 2001). Kurangnya
kosakata bahasa Inggris ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu
(1) Kurangnya minat baca mahasiswa, (2) Kurangnya bahan pustaka
berbahasa Inggris yang dapat menunjang minat baca mahasiswa, (3)
Dihilangkannya mata kuliah Vocabulary dari kurikulum program studi, (4)
Tidak adanya wadah kreativitas mahasiswa untuk menyalurkan kebutuhan
mereka berbahasa Inggris di luar jam pelajaran. Dari kelima faktor ini,
penulis menganggap bahwa faktor penyebab yang pertama adalah faktor yang
paling mendesak karena ini berkaitan dengan karakter mahasiswa sendiri
sebagai calon guru bahasa Inggris. Tulisan ini berusaha mengakomodir
kebutuhan untuk memecahkan persoalan penguasaan kosakata bahasa Inggris
yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya minat baca mahasiswa.
Teknik penguasaan English vocabulary dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris
Syarat
utama mempelajari kosakata baru adalah dengan mencari daftar kosakata
yang akan dipelajari dari bahan-bahan literatur Inggris, termasuk film
dan artikel-artikel. Syarat ini haruslah diutamakan oleh seorang tenaga
pengajar ketika ingin mengajarkan kosakata baru kepada para peserta
didiknya. Membaca adalah salah satu faktor penentu dalam upaya
memperkaya pengetahuan kita dan dengan demikian memperkaya
perbendaharaan kosakata bahasa Inggris yang kita perlukan untuk dapat
menggunakan bahasa Inggris baik secara aktif maupun secara pasif (Cohen,
2003). Ketika seorang mahasiswa calon guru bahasa Inggris tidak
memiliki minat untuk memperkaya kosakata bahasa Inggris mereka, maka
yang terjadi adalah ketidakmampuan untuk menggunakan bahasa Inggris
sebagai alat komunikasi. Dengan demikian, ketika mereka telah menjadi
guru, mereka tidak akan dapat memotivasi anak-anak untuk belajar bahasa
Inggris dengan lebih optimal.
Ada
beberapa teknik yang dapat diterapkan di dalam kelas-kelas berbahasa
Inggris dengan tujuan untuk mengembangkan penguasaan kosakata para
mahasiswa.
1. Teknik
pertama: membuat dan mempelajari daftar kosakata dengan membuat profil
kosakata. Teknik ini diperkenalkan oleh Laura Cohen dalam artikel
berjudul Teaching Vocabulary for English Teacher Trainees dalam English
Teaching Forum, 1996. Teknik ini diperuntukkan bagi calon guru bahasa
Inggris dan sesuai diterapkan untuk berbagai tingkatan pembelajar
seperti Beginner, Advanced dan Intermediate. Langkah-langkah dalam
teknik ini adalah sebagai berikut:
a. Langkah satu: membuat daftar kosakata bahasa Inggris untuk setiap mahasiswa. Hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh dosen
dan mahasiswa, atau bersama-sama. Langkah pertama yang dilakukan adalah
membuat daftar kosakata bahasa Inggris dengan jumlah yang sama dengan
jumlah mahasiswa di kelas tertentu. Daftar kata-kata haruslah diambil
dari berbagai bahan pustaka berbahasa Inggris dan buku-buku teks
pembelajaran yang harus dibaca mahasiswa. Daftar kata-kata tersebut
harus diberikan di dalam suatu wacana seperti dalam bentuk kalimat atau
teks pendek. Kriteria kata yang akan dipelajari adalah (1) kegunaan
praktisnya baik dalam konteks nonprofessional maupun dalam konteks
professional, dan (2) seringnya kata itu digunakan baik dalam bahasa
lisan maupun dalam bahasa tulisan.
b. Langkah kedua: mempersiapkan panduan untuk membuat profil kosakata.
Profil kosakata perlu dipersiapkan untuk mempelajari kegunaan kosakata
tersebut. Beberapa item yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat profil
kosakata adalah sebagai berikut:
- Definition; mencari dan menjelaskan makna dari kata yang dipelajari.
- Part of speech;
menentukan klasifikasi kata dari kata tersebut, sehingga dapat
diidentifikasi dengan mudah penggunaannya di dalam kalimat. Contoh; noun, verb, adjective, dan adverb.
- Pronunciation; cara menyebutkan kata yang dipelajari sesuai dengan lafalnya.
- Synonyms and/or antonyms; untuk lebih memperjelas makna dari kata tersebut.
- Scale of word, for example: more beautiful than, as beautiful as, less beautiful than; untuk dapat menentukan bagaimana kata tersebut dapat digunakan dalam perbandingan.
- Chunking; untuk dapat menempatkan kata ke dalam frasa yang pendek tapi memiliki arti.
- Personal associations; untuk melihat makna asosiatif dari kata tersebut.
- A defining sentence; untuk menggunakan kata yang dipelajari ke dalam kalimat.
- Derivative (different forms of the word); mencoba mengubah bentuk kata tersebut.
- Connotation;
mencari makna terdekat kata yang dipelajari sesuai dengan kultur budaya
setempat, agar mahasiswa lebih mudah memahami makna dari kata tersebut,
bagaimana menggunakan kata tersebut dalam percakapan, dan apa padanan
kata tersebut dengan L1 mahasiswa.
c. Langkah ketiga: mempersiapkan daftar kosakata yang telah dipelajari dalam bentuk proyek pribadi.
Setelah mempelajari daftar kosakata, mahasiswa harus mempersiapkan satu
proyek khusus dimana mereka harus menggunakan seluruh profil kosakata
yang telah mereka pelajari. Bentuk proyek pribadi mereka bisa beragam;
makalah, presentasi dengan menggunakan media audiovisual, pidato,
atau pengajaran singkat. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat sejauh mana
mahasiswa dapat menggunakan kosakata yang telah dipelajari tersebut
dalam bentuk komunikasi lisan dan tulisan, dan sejauh mana daftar
kosakata tersebut membantu mahasiswa dalam mengekspresikan buah pikiran
mereka dengan menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Ini juga dapat digunakan
sebagai simulasi untuk mengajarkan kosakata kepada calon peserta didik
mereka nantinya.
d. Langkah keempat: Menilai hasil kerja mahasiswa.
Setiap beberapa minggu, mahasiswa dan guru harus bersama-sama melakukan
tinjau ulang terhadap kosakata yang telah dipelajari sebelumnya. Ada
beberapa cara untuk meninjau ulang kosakata yang telah dipelajari
mahasiswa, yaitu:
- Sediakan satu lembar kerja mahasiswa berisi kalimat dimana ada beberapa kosakata yang hilang (cloze sentences),
lalu tugaskan mahasiswa untuk mencari kosakata apa yang hilang dari
daftar kosakata yang tersedia di lembar kerja tersebut. Ini adalah cara
termudah untuk menilai pencapaian mahasiswa dalam mempelajari kosakata
dan cocok diterapkan pada tingkat Beginner.
- Sediakan
satu lembar kerja mahasiswa berisi teks pendek dengan bagian-bagian
kosakata yang hilang. Dalam teks itu, bagian-bagian profil kosakata yang
harus diisi oleh mahasiswa sudah dipersiapkan, sebagai contoh,
definisi. Mahasiswa harus melengkapi teks tersebut dengan profil
kosakata yang sudah dipelajari sebelumnya (daftar kosakata yang hilang
disiapkan oleh guru di lembar kerja tersebut). Kegiatan ini cocok
diterapkan pada tingkat Intermediate.
- Arahkan
mahasiswa untuk membuat suatu tulisan atau berkomunikasi dengan
menggunakan kosakata yang sudah dipelajari sebelumnya, untuk melihat
apakah mahasiswa sudah mampu menggunakan kosakata tersebut dalam
mengkomunikasikan buah pikiran mereka. Tidak ada sistem penilaian
disini, karena yang ditekankan adalah berbagi buah pikiran dan pendapat
dalam bentuk lisan dan tulisan. Kegiatan ini cocok diterapkan pada
tingkat Advanced.
Do the housework : melakukan aktifitas rumah
Do the washing :mencuci pakaian
Hang the clothes out : menjemur pakaian
Go to church : pergi ke gereja
Fight with the neighbor : bertengkar dengan tetangga
Stay at home : tetap di rumah
Go out with friends :pergi bersama teman-teman
Call one's parents :menelepon orangtua
Water the garden : menyiram kebun
Wash the car :mencuci mobil
Argue with one's partner :berdebat dengan rekan kerja
Seek vengeance :balas dendam
Shine one's shoes : menyemir sepatu
Hire a movie :menyewa film
Illegally download music and films : mengunduh musik dan film secara ilegal
Synchronize one's iPod :Mensikronisasikan iPod
Go to the mall : pergi ke Mall
Recharge one's travel card : mengisi tiket perjalanan
Argue with a bus driver :berurusan dengan supir bis
Recharge one's cell phone : mengisi pulsa
- See more at: http://www.englishindo.com/2012/01/kumpulan-kosakata-aktifitas-sehari-hari.html#sthash.UR3fNyqP.dpuf
